Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay Example Lord composed a letter in light of reactions he had gotten while in jail. He was reacting to the pundits of peacefulness means and shameful acts under the watchful eye of the law. He tended to his letter to his individual ministers who named his activities as rash. He said that he was attempting to answer their reactions in practical terms. His reaction starts by communicating the explanations behind his quality in Birmingham. He included that his quality in Birmingham is on the grounds that he is welcomed for hierarchical ties. He invalidates the allegations of his colleagues who had contended that he is an untouchable in Birmingham. Ruler says that his longing to end bad form like the eighteenth century prophets drove him to Birmingham. Ruler blames the pioneers for reprimanding his demonstrations of tranquil shows, yet they couldn't address the conditions that fuelled the demonstrations.King says that, any peaceful battle includes four stages; collecting of realities on the curren t shameful acts, contemplation, self-cleaning and genuine activity. Realities about the circumstance must be built up, and severity distinguished. Crusades require realities, not mystery and are intended to change the current states of bad form and not close to home increase. He contends that Birmingham is the most isolated city in the United States, driving in fierceness and treacherous treatment of Negroes. He included that the Negro dads had attempted to haggle with the city chiefs who would not hear them out. The guarantees made to the church heads by the city fathers were unfulfilled.

Preventing Fraud, Waste, and abuse Simulation Essay

Forestalling Fraud, Waste, and misuse Simulation - Essay Example The result of a reenactment is hard to decide particularly as far as advantages and the expense since a large portion of the ocassio0ns that require its applications are testing and may include a drawn out use. A scope of rousing powers and execution hardware can be relied upon to push reproduction forward, along with proficient social orders, legitimate duty guarantors, clinical consideration payers, and at the appropriate time the overall population. The possibilities of reenactment in human services completely depend on the commitment and cleverness of the social insurance recreation network to see that improved patient prosperity by methods for this instrument turns into a reality. With the expanded administrative and state government consumption on medicinal services every year, the worries of misrepresentation and misuse additionally increment. A ton of cash has been lost to extortion and misuse charges with CMS evaluating 15 to 25 US dollars for each year in Medicaid misrepresentation and near 1.1 US dollars were recouped in 2005 in bogus medicinal services claims. It is considering this that the sum total of what drug stores have been called upon to shield any conceivable maltreatment, misrepresentation, and waste. It is simply the commitment of any organization to ensure itself against misrepresentation, misuse, and waste and attempt to dispose of it totally. A few organizations have set up certain strategies and systems that are utilized to battle extortion, misuse, and waste. It’s the commitment of each representative of an association to end extortion, misuse, and waste, inability to do so may bring about the accompanying; For singular association in both of the embarrassments, the repercussions incorporate disciplinary activities that may even call for work end. It is, consequently, important that everyone in the organization is acquainted with the information on misrepresentation which incorporate how to recognize extortion and misuse, avoidance, and detailing of misuse and misrepresentation.

Blog Archive MBA News UCLA Anderson Considering Going Solo

Blog Archive MBA News UCLA Anderson Considering Going Solo According to a recent  story on National Public Radio  (NPR), the Anderson School of Management at UCLA has proposed relinquishing state funding, which accounts for 6% of its $107 million budget, so as to be more autonomous and financially independent of the University of California. State funding can be unpredictable, making it difficult for the administration at Anderson to plan ahead and make decisions about important mattersâ€"such as the price of tuition! Michael Malenitza, president of the student association at Anderson, told NPR that students generally do not know the price of tuition until weeks before classes start. Those against the proposal to forego state funding worry that such a shift in resources will also change the schools public mission. When you are raising private dollars, youre focused on whats of interest to the donors, says Scott Jaschik, editor for InsiderHigherEd.com. And that may be different, in some cases, from the broader interests of the state, which ar e theoretically represented by the legislature. Share ThisTweet News University of California Los Angeles (Anderson)

Market Structure and Analysis - 996 Words

There are a few different market structures, competitive market, monopolies, and oligopolies. According to Mankiw (2007) competitive market, also known as monopolistic competition or â€Å"perfectly competitive market† is defined as â€Å"a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker† (Pg. 290). In this market structure there are two characteristics: there are many buyers and many sellers in the market and the goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same. Maximizing profits in a competitive market is the difference between total revenue and total cost. There is a distinction between accounting and economic profits: economic profits equals’ sales revenue minus economic costs and account profits equals sales revenue minus accounting costs. The objective for a competitive market structure to maximize profits is to determine the optimum level of output at witch marginal cost equals market price. Output is determined in this structure by using the marginal decision rule and increasing output to the point which the benefit of the additional unit of output is equal to the marginal cost. The role of competitive market structure in the economy is important. This structure allow any firm to enter and exit, while buyers and sellers having little impute in the in the price which is determined by the market. An example of competitive market would be agricultural farming of wheat. There are many producers of wheat andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Different Market Structures Of A Market Structure2335 Words   |  10 Pages Analysis of Different Market Structures Student s name Course name and number Instructor s name Date submitted Analysis of Different Market Structures 1. Introduction The small number of market structure consultancies across the globe shows that the market structure concept is itself considerably new. Clearly, various market structure components have been widely studied over the years: derivatives, exchange, trading, and clearing. Even then, there has been no holistic examination of theRead MoreAnalysis of Market Structures10585 Words   |  43 PagesAn Analysis of Market Structures and Their Related Pricing Strategies Christa Jones American Public University Systems Abstract Market structures influence a firm’s behavior and profit opportunity and are therefore critical to understanding how a market functions. The conditions that distinguish each market structure define the level of competition observed within the market which in turn determines the profit level that can be made. Because pricing strategies are intended to maximize a firm’sRead MoreMarket Structure Analysis in Tanzania5537 Words   |  23 PagesMarket structures Analysis- Term Paper INTRODUCTION Generally the concept of market structures can be essential to marketing and economics. Both emphasize the environment in which these companies operate and its importance it has on strategic decision making. Economics is more concerned about the degree of market competition and the pricing strategies of these firms. Marketing, on the other hand, concentrates its focus on consumer behaviour. Basically there are four major market structuresRead MoreMarket Structure Analysis of McDonalds652 Words   |  3 PagesMcDonalds Market Structure: Market structures can be described as the models of markets or the specific social organization that exist between buyers and sellers within a particular market. They can also be defined as the characteristics and organization of a specific market in which a company conducts its business. While there are normally four kinds of markets, markets can be classified based on their degree of pricing and competitiveness. As one of the leading fast food chain restaurants acrossRead MoreEconomic Analysis of an Oligopoly Market Structure1715 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction 1a. Article Summary In this article Michael Baker discusses the livelihood of small retailers in a market subjugated by the financially dominant oligopolies, Woolworths and Coles. While the small independent retailers in direct competition with Woolworths and Coles provide some competitive respite for consumers, as they encourage competitive pricing, albeit predatory pricing, it is clear that Woolworths and Coles control the supermarket industry in Australia, in the formation of aRead MoreApple Inc Market Structure Analysis Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagesi) Apple inc market structure As ayola web site view Diffirent economic blogs We can consider apple is oligopoly in smart phone market , while it is a duopoly in computer operiting system . The Demand curves of Apple Computers: And thair is some expections that apple may be a monopoly, that which may be not agood ,becouse it making apple buyers and fans worry about product quality over time . Oligopoly market structure characterized by : (few number of salers,high ability to control the priceRead MoreApple Inc Market Structure Analysis Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pages(i) Apple inc market structure As ayola web site view Diffirent economic blogs We can consider apple is oligopoly in smart phone market , while it is a duopoly in computer operiting system . And thair is some expections that apple may be a monopoly, that which may be not agood ,becouse it making apple buyers and fans worry about product quality over time . (ii) its market share and major competitors As every one know that apple created its loyal fans due to its quality , that make it hard forRead MoreAnalysis of Market Structures and Pricing Strategies Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Market Structures and Pricing Strategies The markets today are so complex and deal with so many variables it can be difficult to understand just exactly how they operate. In the following I will reveal the different kinds of market structures along with their different pricing strategies. Relating to these topics, I will focus on the importance of cost, competition and customer. 1. Analysis of different market Structures DifferentRead MoreAn Economic Analysis Of Tata Steel s Market Structure3445 Words   |  14 PagesAn Economic Analysis of TATA Steel’s Market Structure, Strategic Competitive Issues, and Policy Advice Introduction Established in 1907, TATA Steel is one of the oldest and most successful steel companies in the world. Headquartered in Mumbai, India, TATA Steel ranks as the number 12 Steel Company in the world, with sales of over 23.8 million tonnes of steel per year. It currently stands as not only the largest private sector company in India, employing over 80,000 people, but the most profitableRead MoreKudler Fine Foods: Analysis of the Market Structures and Strategic Planning1079 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract This paper presents an analysis of the market structures, strategic planning, market environment, and internal environment of Kudler Fine Food in order to suggest the best market structure which can be helpful for its long-term profitability and recommend strategies which can make it more competitive and successful among its industry rivals. Difference between Market Structures There are four types of market structures: Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly, and Perfect Competition

The Best War Ever America And World War II - 1362 Words

In his book The Best War Ever: America and World War II, Michael Adams tries to dissolve the many misconceptions of World War II. As the title of the book implies, The United States left the war with a great optimistic view of the these â€Å"glorious† five years. The United States as a population had been tricked into believing in the, at times, fabricated conditions of its history that had been presented to people as some beautiful stories and myths where nations are viewed as being first-rate in union and morality. These so-called myths were created out of several factors. Because of Hollywood, the vast amounts of government propaganda, and far-reaching economic prosperity, Americans were, for the most part, hidden from the real truth of The Second World War. In this period of time, even, the generation of the Second World War is seen as being top-notch in morality and unity. There was a popular misconception held that there were no problems in terms of ethnicity or gender; it seemed that families were living contented lives and children excelled in school and read all kinds of books (115). This time period was a golden era when all Americans set aside their differences and came together for a common cause in which everyone put above all of their other priorities. The United States Army was thought of as more advanced in terms of weapons, fighting ability, and supposedly held to a higher standard of ethics on the front. Americans that did die died gloriously in a clean mannerShow MoreRelatedThe Summary of the Best War Ever: America and World War Ii730 Words   |  3 PagesUndoubtedly, humanity and modern civilization would have never reached their current form with the research. Research is the key element behind any type of evolution and progress. Contemporary, broadly established theories, varying from the understanding of the universe to the revelation of human evolution, are the result of valuable innovations in different fields of science and technology. Every day life has been simplified due to the constant advance of knowledge and discoveries. However, noneRead MoreExcessively Negative Views of America and World War II in Adams The Best War Ever790 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War Two really was the greatest war ever! Who could forget about the brave soldiers that died ever so gloriously? What about the way that we went from the worst economy in American history back to relative economic normality? And most importantly, how could anyone ever forget about the unity that arose on the home front from this foreign crisis? World War Two did have its glamorous points, but we must never forget about some of the horrors that emerged. The citizens of the United StatesRead MoreThe Best War Ever : America And Wwii Essay729 Words   |  3 PagesEddie Taylor March 31, 2015 History Book Review The Best War Ever: America and WWII Michael C.C. Adams, the author of my chosen narrative, graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1993. He is a professor of history at Northern Kentucky University. Dr. Adams holds a Ph.D. in American Studies. His primary area of interest is military history and early in his NKU career. From the information about what he is interested in being state, you can easily understand why he became the author of suchRead MoreAmerica and World War II Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pages Was World War II a Good War For America? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the most important wars ever fought was World War II. In the midst, the Nazis were in control of most of Europe, the Soviet Union was causing more deaths than any other country, and Japan had taken over parts of China. The United States of America was stuck in the middle of all this. They had to deal with the Nazis and deciding when to join the war, meanwhile, Japan was breathing down their necks with attacks. What wasRead MoreThe Best War Ever By Michael C. B. Adams862 Words   |  4 PagesThe Best War Ever, written by Michael C. C. Adams, is a book focusing on the balanced history of the experience from America’s view during World War II. It neither glorifies nor vilifies the U.S. participation but discusses the real horrors of the war by using glorifying aspects that could have been deceptive or even misleading. World War II defined and transformed the rest of our lives. Americans viewed World War II as the â€Å"Good War† or â€Å"The Best War Ever†. After the end of the war, Americans hadRead MoreHow World War II Has Affected the World as We Know It768 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War two was a massive war the was legitimately fought by every country in the world that matters. It was a blood bath, raging from europe all the way to Japan. All because of one man looking for revenge power and the glorification of not only himself but for his nation. Adolf Hitler wanted to restore his country from the terrible loses it had gained from the very destructive World War one. Adolf brought hope and happiness back to Germany, he was in the works of returning their once destroyedRead MoreEssay about The Events That Changed Military Technology1653 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies, the world has seen warfare evolve at such a rapid rate, that it seems no two wars are fought the same. With ever-changing technologies, soldiers’ duties and skills have had to adapt along with them. Yet, soldiers are not the only ones who have been affected by changes in warfare. With the emergence of the Napoleonic and World Wars, the people of a given country became involved in an effort known as a â€Å"total war.† As World War II came to an end though, the major powers in the world would neverRead MoreEssay Best War Ever Book Review1186 Words   |  5 PagesMany regard World War II as the best war ever, bu t why? It seems the one fact that stands out in American minds is that the Allied Powers were fighting against people who were perceived as evil†, such as Adolf Hitler and Emperor Hirohito. Many disregard all the casualties and hardships and only think about the big picture: victory. Michael C. C. Adams book, The Best War Ever: America and World War II, attempts to dissipate all of the misconceptions of the Second World War. Americans came out ofRead MoreAmerica After World War II1560 Words   |  7 PagesIs it possible to know what Americans thought of World War II, if they believed that the war was a just war or whether they did not agree for what the United States was fighting for? The historian Studs Terkel believes he knows this answer and that Americans saw themselves as liberators of an oppressed world fighting for the just war which can be concluded from his famous volume, The Good War. Of course one person’s beliefs should not be believed as easily just by re ading a book. A person shouldRead MoreEssay on Best War Ever1127 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"World War II and the Depression are now nearly as far back as we can go in living memory, and so the loom large in our active folk story. And many who lived then were too young to understand it in its depth; they remember only that the war was a great victory† (Adams 115). In Michael C.C. Adams’ The Best War Ever America and World War II, the author explains and clarifies the truth about the many myths in and about the war. There are many reasons as to why the war was seen as something positive

My Observations On Children And Adults - 1061 Words

I thoroughly enjoyed doing my observations with the many children and adults I got to see. This was one of my favorite parts of this semester I am looking forward to the future! In my observations I got to see 18 children and two adults one of which I went to see two times and compared my experiences. I really enjoyed seeing both children and adults and in the future I hope to work with children but during my observations I particularly enjoyed observing one of the adults. One of the adults I worked with was Ben. Ben has severe apraxia, started speaking around the age of seven, and he is 23 years old. Some of the different exercises Ben did while I was there were matching with flash cards, he was given a pile of flashcards with labels on them and correlating pictures were spread out in front of him and he was asked to find the weights, so he had to find the picture which had the weights on it and so on. He also did an expressive drill for articulation. I noticed when he said one of his words ‘inventory’ he added an â€Å"a† at the end of it so it would be ‘inventorya’. The next thing Ben did was read books made by his Speech Language Pathologist from an app called Pictello. These books were made for him and they told about each of his jobs and what he did at those jobs. Ben has many jobs currently and has had a few different jobs in the past also. He works at the high school he attended and that is where I got to observ e Ben also. Some of his jobs at the school include: washingShow MoreRelatedA Pleasurable And Educational Preschool Observation1271 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation: Option E I observed a 4 year old preschool class during playtime in Staten Island, New York. The class consisted of eight children, and one certified preschool teacher. There were 4 boys and 4 girls in the class. During my sixty minute observation I noticed several instances of dramatic play, peer relationships, relationships with adults, and self-control. Dramatic Play During my observation, I witnessed a group of two- one boy and one girl-playingRead MoreEssay Observation 4 Language Development Finished1611 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Observation 4 (language Development) Date of observation: 28/1/2015 Time observation started and finished: 10.30 – 10.45 Number of adults present: 5 and 1 student observer Permission obtained from: playschool supervisor Description of setting: This observation took place in a registered community pre-school, the school consists of two rooms, one main classroom with the capacity to accommodate 22 children and one smaller that accommodates 8 children, the smaller of the two rooms has a sandRead MoreMy Observational Study On An Unstructured Activity Time At A Domestic Violence Shelter For Mothers And Children1540 Words   |  7 PagesMy observational study took place on May 17th. On that day, I had the opportunity of observing two children during an unstructured activity time at a domestic violence shelter for mothers and children. The two students I was there to observe were named Tom and Lucy (ages 7 and 5). In addition, there were three other children and one adult. The three additional children were Tom’s siblings—a 14 year-old brother, and two younger sisters ages 3 and 4. Tom is one of five siblings and is of Puerto RicanRead MoreA Study On Child Development Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences. In these observations, we are focused on the social relationships, reactions, language, and emotion. Based on what we have learned in the class, I know children a bit more than usual. Some children might be more mature than their ages, but some children might not be on their ages yet. For example, asking children to solve the same problem that some children can finish it very quick, but some of them finish it slower or cannot finish it at all. I have done several observations before using runningRead MoreJean Piaget s Influence On The Way We Understand Children1609 Words   |  7 PagesMildred Parten and Jean Piaget are two theorists that have had great influences on the way we understand children. Piaget constructed the idea that a person’s thinking passes through four stages and as the person grows, their way of thinking changes thus entering a different stage. He emphasized mostly the preoperational stage, which is for ages two to seven years old. In this stage children are seen as illogical thinkers but they do engage in make-believe games by using objects for purposes otherRead MoreSocial Interactions And Development : Young Age Group Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesYounger Age Group 2. Social Interactions/Development While observing the younger age group, I observed many social interactions and play. One example was EJ, a male born on 6/3/2015, who was stacking blocks with an adult in the room. He would stack them up and knock them over each time he built a tower. I identified this play as exploratory because he was using the tangible properties of the blocks (Steinberg, Bornstein, Vandell, Rook, 2011). I identified his social skills as normative. He enjoyedRead MoreSocial Learning Theory Developed Its Reputation1228 Words   |  5 PagesSocial learning theory asserts that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. Famously adopted by Albert Bandura and his colleagues at Stanford University in the 1960’s, the development of social learning theory was revolved around a four step model. These four models included attention (the individ ual subject must attend to the media as wellRead More Generational Differences: The Use Of the Internet Essay example1408 Words   |  6 Pagesschool work; and adults in the workforce are using the net for business related topics or to plan their next vacation; seniors are using it to keep in touch with their grandchildren. If you aren’t using the net, then you are obviously not in tune with the Real World. There have been my in depth studies dealing with generational use of the Internet. Who is wired and who is not. The gender gap. Who, how and why a person is using the Internet. Before I get into my own observations, I would likeRead MoreIs The Self Reference Effect More Effective On Children s Memory Rather Than Adults?1733 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Self Reference Effect More Effective On Children’s Memory Rather Than Adults? Madison Herley Professor Cooke General Psychology 101 April 21, 2016 Abstract The study will investigate the self reference effect with two different age groups. The two age groups will be young and older adults, trying to obtain material. The first group is told to relate that information to themselves or past experiences and, the second group is only told to review the material given. The purpose of this experimentRead MoreUniversal Needs Of Infants And Toddlers1651 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical, cognitive, language, social, emotional domain of development. I would like to discuss three universal needs, which are important for the infant / toddler learning and development foundations. There are exploring the world, learning from observation, Infancy is one of the periods which has most exploring spirit in a person s life. The infant collects every fragment which he touches and assembles them into the big world in his heart during this time. He is an explorer, a data collector, and

Pricing in the Clothing Industry for Demand - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePricing in the Clothing Industry for Demand and Supply. Answer: Factors Affecting the demand and Supply of Clothing in Australia Introduction The clothing industry is a very competitive industry in the whole world. Both domestic and international competitors facilitate the increased supply for clothings in Australia. The international competition has been so fierce and has led to increased innovation in this industry (Truett and Truett, 2017). This industry is so large and raises an annual revenue of over $19 billion; the number of people employed in the clothing industry are so many. According to Ibisworld.com.au (2017), the annual percentage growth of this industry from 2012 to 2017 is 3.9%. The clothing retailing entails the purchase of accessories and apparel products directly from a manufacture of from other wholesalers and selling them to the consumers without making any special alteration. The retailers sell in many shops of which some are operated on an online platform. Some of them offer special service such that a product purchased online can be home-delivered. Some of the industrys products include; infants clot hing, womens clothing, mens clothing, boys clothing, girls clothing and accessories. Analysis The supply and demand for clothing is influenced by the number and size of suppliers and the number of sellers among other factors. Price influences both supply and demand and the interaction reads to establishment of an equilibrium point (Daniel and VanHoose, 2014). This is mostly the case for competitive markets like the clothing industry. The falling are the non-price factors affecting both demand and supply. Factors Influencing Demand Demand influencing factors include; consumer preferences; demand for an item that is more preferred rises, availability of goods sold on credit; many consumers have no ready incomes are if the goods are available on credit, they raise demand and pay in the future, the consumers income level; the higher the income level the higher the demand and vice versa, increased population growth; this increases the number of buyers and thus demand rises, the price for substitutes; a low price for substitutes lowers the demand for the item. Fig: Movement in the demand curve If price is the influencing factor, movement is along the demand curve, but if its due to non-price factor, the demand curve shifts either to the left or to the right (Gillespie, 2013). Factors Influencing Supply Welch and Welch (2016) noted that some of the factors influencing supply include costs of production; an increased cost of production as is the case for Australian manufactures results in a reduced supply of the items produced. The Australian governments corporate tax bracket for the manufactures is very high and is making it more costly to produce more items and this is driving out the Australian clothing industry given the external competition (Low, 2017). The other factor is future market expectations; an expectation of reduced future consumers income may cause supply for certain goods to fall. Other profitable ventures may also influence supply; a supplier may shift to the more profitable venture and interrupt the initial supply. Lastly, the number of sellers, the more the number of sellers the higher the supply and vice versa. Fig: Movement in the demand curve If price is the influencing factor, movement is along the supply curve, but if its due to non-price factor, the supply curve shifts either to the left or to the right. Elasticity of Clothing Demand to Price Changes The demand for clothing is elastic to price changes. People may take time before they demand some new clothing as the initially owned clothes may take time before they become torn and old fashioned. A cloth is something that purchase cannot be made on a daily basis. The demand being elastic means that it is sensitive to the price changes. At a very low price, consumers are interested in purchasing more clothing; but when the price is high, the consumers skip purchasing the goods. For this reason, it is not easy for a retailer to fix his/her price at a very high level unless there is a certain trending fashion that is on demand by the middle income people. The only strategy that can allow retailers to charge the highest price from the clothing industry is through price discrimination where the prices charged are dependent on the location. Fig (a): Elastic demand (low income) Fig (a): Inelastic demand (High income) A small price change in fig (a) causes demand to change by a big proportion whereas a big change in price in fig (b) causes demand to fall by a small proportion (James, Burrow and Kleindl, 2011). Conclusion The clothing industry should understand the market they operate in and choose the right pricing strategies. They can do this by doing a research on the income level of the potential customers. Price discrimination is a good pricing strategy in the clothing market. The demand for clothing in a place flocked by high-income earners is inelastic and thus price is not a factor they consider when making their purchases; all they are interested in is the quality and the fashion. This explains why a certain brand of clothing is sold at a very high price in the urban areas, whereas the same brand sells at a low price in the rural areas. References Ibisworld.com.au. (2017). Clothing Retailing in Australia. [Online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/retail-trade/other-store-based-retailing/clothing-retailing.html [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. Daniel, J. and VanHoose, D. (2014). Global Economic Issues and Policies (3rd Ed). Routledge. Gillespie, A. (2013). Business economics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. James, L., Burrow, J. and Kleindl, B. (2011). Principles of Business (8th Ed). Cengage Learning. Low, C. (2017). How the global giants are squeezing out Australian fashion. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/stitched-up-how-the-global-giants-are-squeezing-out-australian-fashion-20170209-gu9arc.html [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. Truett, L. and Truett, D. (2017). Cost relationships and globalization in the Australian clothing industry. [Online] Taylor Francis. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2017.1287864?journalCode=raec20 [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. Welch, J. and Welch, F. (2016). Economics: Theory practice (11th Ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Writing A Character Analysis - Ultime Guide For 2019

Most of the people consider writing the analysis of characters, a piece of cake. Their claims disappear as soon as they are asked to write an academic paper on it. Writing a character analysis demands intelligence, skill and inventiveness, and not everyone is bestowed with such blessings. It only gets difficult for those who are not familiar with its tactics and techniques. Dive in and learn to write the most eye-catching, interesting, impressive and outstanding character analysis. Quick Links 1. What Is a Character Analysis? 2. Character Analysis Essay 2.1 Significance of Objectivity in Character Analysis 2.2 Aim of Character Analysis 3. How to Write a Character Analysis 3.1 Focus on Character's Motives and Actions 3.2 Why It is Important to Analyze Character’s Sayings? 3.3 Pay Attention to the Types of Description 4. Types of Characters Character Analysis Structure 1. What Is a Character Analysis To understand how to analyze characters, you need to explore what is a character analysis. It is a "complex evaluation" of the characters of a novel or book. This kind of essay requires the key character to be analyzed with a very critical view and from all possible angles. Give as much detail as you can. Mention gender, age and appearance of the character that you are analyzing. If the writer has not mentioned these details, conclude it on your own. You can assume the profession, age, class or society that particular character belongs to. Write it according to the story's plot and background shared by the author. 2. Character Analysis Essay Before starting your character analysis essay, you need to question, What kind of role the characters play in a particular story? How is it influencing readers? In real life, what kind of prototypes it may have? You can develop a character analysis essay outline before starting the writing process. 2.1 Significance of Objectivity in Character Analysis Remember to stay objective in writing character analysis. Do not use your personal perspectives. It may affect the evaluation of certain actions or features of the specific character. Your goal in writing a character analysis is to give readers deep details about the features of the character. 2.2 Aim of Character Analysis Students only describe the character according to the words of writer which is not commendable. It is about describing all the details of the events that are happening in the story. Also, how the character in scrutiny is affecting them and being affected by them. Here is a character analysis example to help you have a clear picture of this type of academic essay. Character Analysis Template Character Analysis Example 3. How to Write a Character Analysis Writing a character analysis is a very interesting task. You can enjoy being a philosopher, detective, or psychologist, all at once. Use your critical thinking and intuition and guess character traits. Make sure that whatever you state is backed with solid contextual evidence There are a few things to help you in learning how to write a character analysis essay. 3.1 Focus on Character's Motives and Actions Think about all the reasons and motives that can force the characters to act in a particular way. Focus on what can motivate their actions and how correct and ethical their behavior is. Consider all the events that are not described in the story but could have happened in the childhood of the character. 3.2 Why It is Important to Analyze the Character's Sayings? Focus on the dialogues of the character. Think about the tone of the voice and verbal gestures. Add personal attributes in the character that illustrate the it. 3.3 Pay Attention to the Types of Description Know that, in the novel or story, there are two kinds of descriptions. In the first type, the author explains a character, whereas in the second type other characters speak about the character. Pay attention to these descriptions and try to see beyond obvious. 4. Types of Characters If you want to write an outstanding character analysis essay, you must understand the types of characters. Antagonist This character is negative and opponent of the hero. Protagonist The main character of the story. Actions of this character, influence and drive the story. Dynamic Character Usually this is the main character, which is shown changing in a story. Static Character Static characters sticks to its moral position under any, and every, circumstances and remains unchanged in the entire story. Minor Character A character which appears for a short time and has a very smart part in the story. Major Character Any character that plays a major role in the story. This type of characters stay for a long time. They can be antagonist, protagonist or any other type. Stereotypes Characters that are used just for creating the required atmosphere. They only appear in the story to fulfill the requirement of the situation. Character Analysis Structure Don't forget that it is important for you to follow the structure instructed by your teacher or institution. In addition, you can also follow the standard template which comprises of the following parts: Introduction Introduction is the key through which the readers can unlock the door of understanding what the entire analysis of the character is about. Body You can write all the information and details here, and reveal qualities of the character in a better way. Give body paragraphs breaks, use lists and other markers. Conclusion Include your analysis in this part. Give literary analysis of features, development and role of the character here. Share your personal attitude towards the character and describe why it was important for you to make analysis about it. Do you still find writing a character analysis difficult? Do you think you'll lose your good grades? If you need professional help, 5StarEssays is the best essay writing service that delivers quality work to assist students around the globe. They will deal with your write my essay request effectively.

Causes, Symptoms, Complications And Treatments For Essays

Causes, Symptoms, Complications And Treatments For Essays Causes, Symptoms, Complications And Treatments For The Eating Disorder Anorexia Nervosa. Causes, Symptoms, Complications and Treatments for the eating disorder Anorexia Nervosa. Eating disorders are devastating behavioral maladies brought on by a complex interplay of factors, which may include emotional and personality disorder, family pressure, a possible genetic or biological susceptibility and a culture in which there is an over abundance of food and an obsession with thinness. Eating disorders are generally characterized as bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa and eating disorders not other wise specified. According to the World of Psychology anorexia is defined as an eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming, irrational fear of being fat, compulsive dieting to the point of self starvation and excessive weight loss.(World of Psychology Page 317). There are some causes, symptoms, complications and treatment of anorexia nervosa. There is no single cause for the eating disorder anorexia but a number of factors including emotional disorders and cultural influences. Researchers have shown that emotional disorders such as depression collaborate in causing anorexia nervosa. This is because most anorexic patients have been found to have abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters particularly serotonin, that are associated with depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. According to a research conducted by Dr. John .E. Godine of Harvard Medical School studies are finding that low blood levels of amino acid tryptophan, a component in food that is essential to the production of serotonin, can produce depression and may also contribute to anorexia nervosa (Psychology Today Page 17, May 97). Researches have also shown that changes in seasons affects both depression and eating disorders and also that onset of anorexia appears to peak in May, which is also a peak month for suicide. Anxiety disorders are also very co mmon with anorexia. Phobias and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) usually precede the onset of the eating disorder, while panic disorder tends to follow. Studies have shown that people with anorexia are especially prone to obsessive compulsive disorder. Cultural influences can also cause anorexia as can be seen in most western cultures. The social pressures of western cultures certainly play a major role in triggering eating disorders such as anorexia. On the other hand, advertisers heavily market weight reductions programs and present anorexic young models as the paradigm of sexual desirability and on the other hand again, the media floods the public with ads for junk food. According to the World of Psychology over the past quarter century, the 'ideal' female figure as portrayed in the media and by fashion and entertainment industries, has become even thinner, often to the point of emancipation(World of Psychology Page 317). Due to cultural influences in a country where obesity is epidemic, young women who achieve thinness believe they have accomplished a major cultural and personal victory; they have overcome the temptations of junk food and at the same time, created an image idealized by the media. This false sense of accomplishm ent is often reinforced by the envy of their heavier friends who may perceive anorexic patients as being stronger and more sexually attractive than they are. The media definitely plays a major role in the cause of anorexia. According to the World of Psychology It is difficult to pinpoint the cause of this disorder. More anorexic individuals are well-behaved and academically successful(The World of Psychology Page 371). Some investigators even believe that young women who refuse to eat are attempting to control a portion of their lives, which they feel unable to control in most situations(Psychology Today, May 98). The symptoms of anorexia vary since most women with the disorder keep it a secret but the major symptom is the change in size. According to an article from WebMd the primary symptom of anorexia is major weight loss from excessive and continuos dieting which may either be restrictive dieting or binge-eating and purging(www.webmd.com). The feet and hands of the anorexic patient may be cold or swollen sometimes. The stomach is often distressed after eating and is often bloated. Thinking may be confused or slowed, and an anorexic patient may have poor memory and judgement. Again all of these symptoms vary from individuals as could be seen in young women who have diabetes and anorexia. Such people may have a normal weight or even

Multiculturalism Has Corrosive Effects on Society Assignment

Multiculturalism Has Corrosive Effects on Society - Assignment Example Blurred Boundaries† (ALBA, 2005). Alba talks about the existence of bright and blurred boundaries that separate ethnic groups from the mainstream society. For example, the Muslim Turks in Germany may be seen as a group with bright, clearly defined boundaries that distinguish them from the non-Muslim European. The religion, the culture, the dress, the language of one group all are seen as clearly different from that of the other. An individual can be a member of one group at one time, which suggests a clear lack of assimilation. On the other hand, Alba gives the examples of Mexicans in the US, who are also immigrants but their social distinction is classified by blurred boundaries. He writes, â€Å"This could mean that individuals are seen as simultaneously members of the groups on both sides of the boundary or that sometimes they appear to be members of one and at other times members of the other†. This implies that the differences between the immigrants and the host nat ion are not as clearly defined as was in the case of the Muslim Turks. Even so, the exclusion of the Mexican immigrants from mainstream American society does exist, mainly because, even after generations of living in America, they are not essentially American. This mindset leads to the creation of factions that weaken a society, preventing it from seeing itself as a whole. Multiculturalism, especially when backed by state ideologies, corrodes a society since it in effect supports a policy that encourages people to see themselves as separate from the whole, leading them towards extremist ideologies in a desperate urge to belong. Multiculturalism then becomes a... The researcher states that the establishment of relations, that are based on trust and care that is a feature of small communities is absent in the multicultural river of the modern day metropolis. Moreover, there is a clear lack of belonging amongst such multicultural centers, where each cultural group has a unique identity of its own, but fails to associate itself to the greater identity of the city they are living in. Although multiculturalism may promote a healthy exchange of knowledge and ideas, however, it corrodes the very foundation of a society since it creates factions, leads people to extremism and is the cause of nonexistent interpersonal ties amongst fellow community members. Multiculturalism, especially when backed by ideologies, corrodes a society since it in effect supports a policy that encourages people to see themselves as separate from the whole, leading them towards extremist ideologies in a desperate urge to belong. Multiculturalism then becomes a program aimed towards â€Å"giving recognition to ethno-religious groups†. A society characterized by multiculturalism is also dominated by weak interpersonal relations, where fellow community members live and interact as little more than strangers, which weakens the social ties upon which all societies are based. The researcher then concluds that multiculturalism corrodes the individual as well as the society by giving no one their due share of belonging and acceptance within the society, and promoting feelings of mistrust among members of the same community.

Money,banking and the federal reserve system Essay

Money,banking and the federal reserve system - Essay Example In order to ensure a balance of the bank reserves and to control the monetary base, the Federal Reserve was established. For efficient use of money in the United States, the Banks and the Federal Reserve work together. Money is the most widely used liquid asset in the world today. Cash is the liquid form of money that is applicable and usable in many of the small and medium business ventures. However, there are other forms of money acceptable in many places. These include traveler’s checks, and checkable bank deposits. Money has the capability of generating gains from trading activities since its nature allows indirect exchange. It also provides a uniform way of transacting given that every product or service can be exchanged with money. It contradicts the barter system of trade (Krugman 412). Money plays three main functions in the United States economy. Firstly, it the sole medium of exchange across the country, it is possible to obtain any goods and services in exchange of money. This medium of exchange lacks the capability to be consumed hence it has to be applied in obtaining consumable goods and pay fro services. Hard economic times have called for use of different monetary forms. This has been evident in some Latin American countries that have resulted into the use of the American dollar, a situation also seen in Eastern Europe where they have used Euros. Secondly, it is used as a store of value, meaning money has the ability to purchase power over a given period. Other assets complement money as a store of value but its uniqueness is that its value appreciates in most cases. Lastly, money is a unit of account. In accounting, money is widely accepted as the medium of setting prices and calculating the value of other assets 413-414. The concept of money has continued to change with time. In historical times, silver and gold were considered as the medium of exchange, this was facilitated by their valuable nature in making of making of ornaments and jewellery. Around independence time in 1776, paper money was getting used to complement the gold and the silver coins. The transition saw the introduction of commodity-backed money that whose value was dependent on the promise that it could be possible to turn it into value on demand. (Krugman 414).To further enhance the monetary form, the United States Dollar was adopted as a generally acceptable mode of transacting in exchange of goods and services. This introduced the so-called fiat money that derives its value from the official status it adopts. This type of money has advantages over the former types in that it does not use other resources apart from the material used in its making and secondly, its supply can be regulated to take care of specific economic needs. However, the challenge remains in production of fake currency (Krugman 415). There are two types of monetary aggregates, denoted by the Federal Reserve as M1 and M2. M1 entails the cash, traveller’s checks and ch eckable bank deposits. Other near-moneys are inclusive in M2. In the United States, year 2011 September, M1 was equivalent to $2,136.9 billions while M2 was $9,603.6 billions of dollars (Krugman 416). Near-moneys are accompanied by interests that the cash dos not, this is the reason why they pay higher interests than checkable bank deposits. Banks plays a critical role in the money industry in the United States and all over the world. It is evident that banks play a role in linking the Federal Reser

Public administration Essay Example for Free

Public administration Essay ‘Ethics’ is a difficult term to define. The meaning, nature and scope of ethics have expanded in the course of time. ‘Ethics’ is integral to public administration. In public administration, ethics focuses on how the public administrator should question and reflect in order to be able to act responsibly. We cannot simply bifurcate the two by saying that ethics deals with morals and values, while public administration is about actions and decisions. Administering accountability and ethics is a difficult task. The 1 levels of ethics in governance are dependent on the social, economic, political, cultural, legal-judicial and historical contexts of the country. These specific factors influence ethics in public administrative systems. This Unit will discuss the meaning, evolution, foci and concerns of ethics. It will bring out the different dimensions of ethics and their relevance for public administration. The significance of an ethical code for administrators will be analysed and the nature of work ethics will be discussed. This Unit will also examine the obstacles to ethical accountability. 21. 2 ETHICS: MEANING AND RELEVANCE ‘Ethics’ is a system of accepted beliefs, mores and values, which influence human behaviour. More specifically, it is a system based on morals. Thus, ethics is the study of what is morally right, and what is not. The Latin origin of the word ‘ethics’ is ethicus that means character. Since the early 17th century, ‘ethics’ has been accepted as the â€Å"Science of morals; the rules of conduct, the science of human duty. † Hence, in common parlance, ethics is treated as moral principles that govern a person’s or a group’s behaviour. It includes both the science of the good and the nature of the right. The ethical concerns of governance have been underscored widely in Indian scriptures and other treatises such as Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagvad Gita, Buddha Charita, Arthashastra, Panchatantra, Manusmriti, Kural, Shukra Niti, Kadambari, Raja Tarangani, and Hitopadesh. At the same time, one cannot ignore the maxims on ethical governance provided by the Chinese philosophers such as Lao Tse, Confucius and Mencius. In the Western philosophy, there are three eminent schools of ethics. The first, inspired by Aristotle, holds that virtues (such as justice, charity and generosity) are dispositions to act in ways that benefit the possessor of these virtues and the society of which he is a part. The second, subscribed to mainly by Immanual Kant, makes the concept of duty central to morality: human beings are bound, from a knowledge of their duty as rational beings, to obey the categorical imperative to respect other rational beings with whom they interact. The third is the Utilitarian viewpoint that asserts that the guiding principle of conduct should be the greatest happiness (or benefit) of the greatest number (Hobson, 2002). The Western thought is full of ethical guidelines to rulers, whether in a monarchy or a democracy. These concerns are found in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Penn, John Stuart Mill, Edmund Burke, and others. Rawl’s theory of justice revolves around the adaptation of two fundamental principles of justice, which would, in turn, guarantee a just and morally acceptable society. The first principle guarantees the right of each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with liberty of others. The second principle states that social and economic positions are to be: (a) To everyone’s advantage, and (b) Open to all. A key issue for Rawls is to show how such principles would be universally adopted, and over here his work borders on general ethical issues. He introduces a theoretical ‘veil of ignorance’ in which all ‘players’ in the social game would be placed in a situation, which is called the ‘original position’. Having only a general knowledge about the facts of ‘life and society’ each player is to make a ‘rationally’ prudential choice concerning the kind of social institution they would enter into contract with. By denying the players any specific information about themselves it forces them to adopt a generalised point of view that bears a strong resemblance to the moral point of view. This view point revolves around moral conclusions can be reached without abandoning the prudential standpoint and posting a moral outlook merely by pursuing one’s own prudential reasoning under certain procedural bargaining. 2 The gist of wisdom on administrative ethics is that the public administrators are the â€Å"guardians† of the Administrative State. Hence, they are expected to honour public trust and not violate it. Two crucial questions raised in this context are â€Å"why should guardians be guarded? And â€Å"Who guards the guardian? † (Rosenbloom and Kravchuk, 2005). The administrators need to be guarded against their tendency to misconceive public interest, promote self-interest, indulge in corruption and cause subversion of national interest. And they need to be guarded by the external institutions such as the judiciary, legislature, political executive, media and civil society organisations. These various modes of control become instruments of accountability. 21. 3 EVOLUTION OF ETHICAL CONCERNS IN ADMINISTRATION It is essential to recognise that the discipline of Public Administration has been broadly influenced in the initial stages of its growth, by Political Science and the science of Management. While the philosophical premises of Public Administration were influenced primarily by Political Science, its technological facet was designed by Management Sciences. The early Political Science was taught as Moral Philosophy and Political Economy, while its current curriculum is the product of secular, practical, empirical and scientific tendencies of the past century. The American students of Political Science, in the early years of the last century, were dismayed at the inadequacies of the ethical approach in the Gilded Age. As a result of their interaction with the German universities and the influence on their thinking by scholars such as J. N Burgess, E. J. James, A. B Hart, A. L Lovell, and F. J Goodnow, they sought to recreate Political Science as a true science. They became increasingly interested in observing and analysing ‘actual governments’. Natural and Social Sciences substantially influenced their ideas and approaches. Later, Logical Positivism of the Austrian School influenced scholars such as Herbert Simon and thus there emerged a booming faith in developing a Science of Politics and a Science of Administration that would be able to `predict and control’ political and administrative life. As Dwight Waldo comments, the old belief that good government was the government of moral men was thus replaced by a morality that was irrelevant and that proper institutions and expert personnel were the determining factors in shaping good government. `The new amorality became almost a request for professional respect’. The eminence of Behaviouralism until the mid-1960s further marginalised the ethical issues in the study of Political Science and Public Administration. It was only after the advent of Post-behaviouralism in Political Science and of the accent on New Public Administration in Public Administration that the scientific methods of Behaviouralim and humanistic (read `ethical’) values struck a homogenous chord with administration and the dispute between facts and values was resolved substantially. The current discipline of public administration accords primacy to the `values’ of equity, justice, humanism, human rights, gender equality and compassion. The movement of Good Governance, initiated by the World Bank in 1992, lays stress, inter alia, on the ethical and moral conduct of administrators. While the New Public Management movement is more concerned with administrative effectiveness, the New Public Administration focuses on administrative ethics in its broader manifestation. Both the movements are complementary to each other. This complementarity of foci 3 is as truer today as it was a hundred years ago when the industrial world was experiencing the rise of Scientific Management amidst a strong acceptance of the notion of administrative responsibility. John Kennedy, during his Presidency (19611963) had averred: â€Å"No responsibility of government is more fundamental than the responsibility of maintaining the higher standards of ethical behaviour. The ideal-type construction of bureaucracy, propounded by Max Weber also highlighted an ethical imperative of bureaucratic behaviour. Weber (1947) observed: In the rational type, it is a matter of principle that the members of the administrative staff should be completely separated from ownership of the means of production and administration. Officials, employees and workers attached to the administrative staff do not themselves own the non-human means of production and administration†¦. These exists, furthermore, in principle complete separation of property belonging to the organisation, which is controlled within the sphere of office, and the personal property of the official, which is available for his own private uses†. Weber’s analysis underscores the need to prevent the misuse of an official position for personal gains. Although his ideal-type construct on bureaucracy is not empirical, yet it has an empirical flavour, for it appears to have taken into account the existential reality of bureaucratic behaviour. From a normative angle – knowing that Weber was not normative in his ideal type constructs – also, the message is clear: Don’t misuse official property for personal benefit. Most critics of real-world bureaucracies, including Harold Laski, Carl Friedrich, Victor Thompson and Warren Bennis, have criticised bureaucrats for violating the prescribed norms of moral conduct. Even Fred Riggs, while discussing the traits of a prismatic society like `formalism’ and ‘nepotism’ points out the yawning gap between the `ideal’ and the `real’ in administrative behaviour. The deviations from the norms and mores have been too glaring to be ignored. Immoral behaviour thus has become an integral component of `bureaupathology’ 21. 4 CONTEXT OF ETHICS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Ethics, whether in an entire society, or in a social sub-system, evolves over a long period of time and is influenced, during its nurturance and growth, by a variety of environmental factors. Administrative ethics is no different. It is the product of several contextual structures and it never ceases to grow and change. Let us now look at some of these contextual factors that influence ethics in the public administrative systems: The Historical Context The history of a country marks a great influence on the ethical character of the governance system. The Spoils System in the USA during the initial phase of the American nation vitiated the ethical milieu of the American Public Administration. â€Å"To victor belong the spoils† asserted American President Jackson. Things would have continued the same way had not a disgruntled job seeker assassinated President Garfield in 1881. Garfield’s assassination spurred the process of civil service reforms in the USA, and the setting up of the US. Civil Service Commission in 1883 was the first major step in this direction. India has witnessed a long history of unethical practices in the governance system. Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions a variety of corrupt practices in which the administrators of those times indulged themselves. The Mughal Empire and the Indian princely rule were also afflicted with the corrupt practices of the courtiers and 4 administrative functionaries, with ‘bakashish’ being one of the accepted means of selling and buying favours. The East India Company too had its share of employees who were criticised even by the British parliamentarians for being corrupt. The forces of probity and immorality co-exist in all phases of human history. Which forces are stronger depends upon the support these get from the prime actors of politico-administrative system. What is disturbing is that a long legacy of unethical practices in governance is likely to enhance the tolerance level for administrative immorality. In most developing nations having a colonial history, the chasm between the people and the government continues to be wide. In the colonial era, the legitimacy of the governance was not accepted willingly by a majority of population and therefore, true loyalty to the rulers was a rare phenomenon. Although the distance between the governing elite and the citizens has been reduced substantially in the transformed democratic regimes, yet the affinity and trust between the two has not been total even in the new dispensation. Unfortunately, even the ruling elite does not seem to have imbibed the spirit of emotional unity with the citizens. The legacy of competitive collaboration between the people and the administrators continues to exist. The nature of this relationship has an adverse impact on ‘administrative ethics’. The Socio-cultural Context Values that permeate the social order in a society determine the nature of governance system. The Indian society today seems to prefer wealth to any other value. And in the process of generating wealth, the means-ends debate has been sidelined. Unfortunately, ends have gained supremacy and the means do not command an equal respect. A quest for wealth in itself is not bad. In fact, it is a mark of civilisational progress. What is important is the means employed while being engaged in this quest. We seem to be living in an economic or commercial society, where uni-dimensional growth of individuals seem to be accepted and even valued, where ends have been subdued by means, and ideals have been submerged under the weight of more practical concerns of economic progress. Can we change this social order? Mahatma Gandhi very much wanted to transform the priority-order of the Indian society, but there were hardly any takers or backers of his radical thinking that was steeped in a strong moral order. To put it bluntly, ever since Gandhi passed away, there has been not a single strong voice in independent India challenging the supremacy of ‘teleology and unidimensionalism’. Neither have our family values questioned this unilinear growth of society nor has our educational system made serious efforts to inject morality into the impressionable minds of our youth. We have starkly failed on these fronts. The need is to evolve fresh perspectives on what kind of the Indians we wish to evolve and how? Till then, efforts will have to be focused on the non-social fronts. The issues of morality may or may not be rooted in the religious ethos of a society. Indian religious scriptures do not favour pursuit of wealth through foul means. Interestingly, Thiru Valluvar’s Kural, written two thousand years ago in Tamil Nadu, emphasises that earning wealth brings fame, respect and an opportunity to help and serve others, but it should be earned through right means only. Can this dictum form the basis of our socio-moral orientation? The level of integrity among Protestants and Parsees is believed by some to be relatively higher when compared to other religions and one can find the roots of such integrity in the well-ingrained mores of these religions. Nevertheless, it is only one point of view, as there are several other religious and secular groups, which are known for their high moral conduct. The cultural system of a country, including its religious orientation, appears to have played a significant role in influencing the work ethics of its people. For instance, the stress on hard work, so characteristic of the Protestant ethics, has helped several Christian societies to enhance their per capita 5 productivity. While Judaism has valued performance of physical labour by its followers, the Hindu and Islamic societies, on the other hand, have generally considered physical labour to be of lower rank than the mental work. Work ethics may or may not be linked with religious moorings. These are subjective issues but make for an interesting study. The family system and the educational system are influential instruments of socialisation and training of the mind in its impressionable years. If the values inculcated through the family and the school have underscored honesty and ethics, the impact on the mind-set of citizens is likely to be highly positive and powerful. Legal-judicial Context The legal system of a country determines considerably the efficacy of the ethical concerns in governance system. A neatly formulated law, with a clear stress on the norms of fair conduct and honesty, is likely to distinguish chaff from grain in the ethical universe. Conversely, nebulous laws, with confusing definition of corruption and its explanations, will only promote corruption for it would not be able to instill the fear of God or fear of law among those violating the laws of the land and mores of the society. Besides, an efficient and effective judiciary with fast-track justice system will prove a roadblock to immorality in public affairs. Conversely, a slow-moving judiciary, with a concern for letter rather than the spirit of the law, will dither and delay and even help the perpetrators of crimes by giving them leeway through prolonged trials and benefits of doubt. Likewise, the anti-corruption machinery of the government, with its tangled web of complex procedures, unintendedly grants relief to the accused who are indirectly assisted by dilatory and knotty procedures. In India, there is hardly any effective anticorruption institution. As we have read in Unit 7 earlier on in this Course, the Lok Pal is yet to be established, Lok Ayuktas are feeble and toothless agencies, while the state vigilance bodies are low-key actors. The consequences are too obvious to warrant any explanation. The Political Context The political leadership, whether in power or outside the power-domain, is perhaps the single most potent influence on the mores and values of citizens. The rulers do rule the minds, but in a democracy particularly, all political parties, pressure groups and the media also influence the orientation and attitudes on moral questions. If politicians act as authentic examples of integrity, as happens in the Scandinavian countries, or as examples of gross self-interest, as found in most South Asian countries, the administrative system cannot remain immune to the levels of political morality. The election system in India is considered to be the biggest propeller to political corruption. Spending millions on the elections `compels’ a candidate to reimburse his expenses through fair or foul means – more foul than fair. While fair has limits, foul has none. It is generally argued that the administrative class – comprising civil servants at higher, middle as well as lower levels – emerges from the society itself. Naturally, therefore, the mores, values and behavioural patterns prevalent in the society are likely to be reflected in the conduct of administrators. To expect that the administrators will be insulated from the orientations and norms evidenced the in society would be grossly unrealistic. The argument, propounded here, has a convincing logic, yet there can be a counterpoint that the rulers are expected to possess stronger moral fibre than the subjects. Since there are hardly any instrumentalities to protect and nurture administrative 6 morality vis-a-vis the general social morality, such an expectation remains at the most an elusive ideal. Hence, there is an obvious need to go deeper into the problem. The behaviour of politicians has a demonstration effect on civil servants. Besides, the capacity of the less honest political masters to control civil servants is immense. It is ironical that the moral environment in a country like India is designed more by its politicians than by any other social group. The primacy of the political over the rest of systems is too obvious to be ignored. If the media is objective and fearless, its role in preventing corruption can be effective. It can even act as a catalyst to the promotion of ethical behaviour among administrators. Hence, those who own and manage the media should understand their wider social and moral responsibilities. The trend in this direction is visible now with many television channels regularly airing their ‘expose’ on malpractices in the system. This role of the media is important if performed with intent of social responsibility rather than sensationalism. The Economic Context The level of economic development of a country is likely to have a positive correlation with the level of ethics in the governance system. Even when a causal relation between the two is not envisaged, a correlation cannot be ruled out. A lower level of economic development, when accompanied with inequalities in the economic order, is likely to create a chasm among social classes and groups. The less privileged or more deprived sections of society may get tempted to forsake principles of honest conduct while fulfilling their basic needs of existence and security. Not that the rich will necessarily be more honest (though they can afford to be so), yet what is apprehended is that the poor, while making a living, may find it a compelling necessity to compromise with the principles of integrity. It is interesting to note that with the advent of liberalising economic regime in developing nations, there is a growing concern about following the norms of integrity in industry, trade, management and the governance system on account of the international pressures for higher level of integrity in the WTO regime. This is what Fred Riggs would call `exogenous’ inducements to administrative change. 21. 5 ISSUE OF ETHICS: FOCI AND CONCERNS An important question arises in connection with the moral obligation of an administrative system. Is the administrative system confined to acting morally in its conduct or does it also share the responsibility of protecting and promoting an ethical order in the larger society? While most of the focus on administrative morality is on the aspect of probity within the administrative system, there is a need to consider the issue of the responsibility of the governance system (of which the administrative system is an integral part) to create and sustain an ethical ambience in the socioeconomic system that would nurture and protect the basic moral values. Moral political philosophy assumes that the rulers will not only be moral themselves, but would also be the guardians of morality in a society. Truly, being moral is a prerequisite to being a guardian of wider morality. Both the obligations are intertwined. It is a truism that the crux of administrative morality is ethical decision-making. The questions of facts and values cannot be separated from ethical decision-making. Thus, the science of administration gets integrated with the ethics of administration. And in this integrated regime, only that empirical concern is valued, which respects the normative concerns in the delivery of administrative services. 7 Which are the essential concerns in regard to administrative ethics? There can be a long list of values that are considered desirable in an administrative action. However, in being selective, one has to focus on the most crucial values. Let us now concentrate on the values of justice, fairness and objectivity. Woodrow Wilson, â€Å"The Study of Administration† (1887), in his inaugural address averred that justice was more important than sympathy. Thus, he placed justice at the top of value-hierarchy in a governance system. Paradoxically, there has been a lot of discussion on the formallegal aspects of administrative law since then, but very little analysis has been made of the philosophical dimension of administrative justice. The other two issues of ethical decision-making, viz. fairness and objectivity are, in fact, integral components of administrative justice. When administrators are true to their profession, they are expected to be impartial and fair and not get influenced by nepotism, favoritism and greed while making decisions of governance. Objectivity should not be misconstrued as a mechanical and rigid adherence to laws and rules. From the decision-making angle, it has undoubtedly wider ramifications encompassing a set of positive orientations. Currently, the notion of ethics has expanded itself to involve all major realms of human existence. Let us attempt to outline certain salient aspects of ethics in public administration. Broadly, they could be summarised as following maxims: †¢ Maxim of Legality and Rationality: An administrator will follow the law and rules that are framed to govern and guide various categories of policies and decisions. Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability: An administrator would not hesitate to accept responsibility for his decision and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his discretion while making decisions. Moreover, he would be willing to be held accountable to higher authorities of governance and even to the people who are the ultimate beneficiaries of his decisions and actions. Maxim of Work Commitment: An administrator would be committed to his duties and perform his work with involvement, intelligence and dexterity. As Swami Vivekananda observed: â€Å"Every duty is holy and devotion to duty is the highest form of worship. † This would also entail a respect for time, punctuality and fulfillment of promises made. Work is considered not as a burden but as an opportunity to serve and constructively contribute to society. Maxim of Excellence: An administrator would ensure the highest standards of quality in administrative decisions and action and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or complacency. In a competitive international environment, an administrative system should faithfully adhere to the requisites of Total Quality Management. Maxim of Fusion: An administrator would rationally bring about a fusion of individual, organisational and social goals to help evolve unison of ideals and imbibe in his behaviour a commitment to such a fusion. In situation of conflicting goals, a concern for ethics should govern the choices made. Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience: An administrator would respond effectively to the demands and challenges from the external as well as internal environment. He would adapt to environmental transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct. In situations of deviation from the prescribed ethical norms, the administrative system would show resilience and bounce back into the accepted ethical mould at the earliest opportunity. 8 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Maxim of Utilitarianism: While making and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will ensure that these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number. Maxim of Compassion: An administrator, without violating the prescribed laws and rules, would demonstrate compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions. At least, he would not grant any benefits to the stronger section of society only because they are strong and would not deny the due consideration to the weak, despite their weakness. Maxim of National Interest: Though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while performing his duties, would keep in view the impact of his action on his nation’s strength and prestige. The Japanese, the Koreans, the Germans and the Chinese citizens (including civil servants), while performing their official roles, have at the back of their mind a concern and respect for their nation. This automatically raises the level of service rendered and the products delivered. Maxim of Justice: Those responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of governance would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and objectivity and no special favours are doled out on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or wealth. Maxim of Transparency: An administrator will make decisions and implement them in a transparent manner so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to understand the reasons behind such decisions and the sources of information on which these decisions were made. Maxim of Integrity: An administrator would undertake an administrative action on the basis of honesty and not use his power, position and discretion to serve his personal interest and the illegitimate interests of other individuals or groups. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ There could be many more tenets added to the above catalogue of maxims of morality in administration. However, the overall objective is to ensure ‘Good Governance’ with a prime concern for ethical principles, practices, orientations and behaviour. There are no dogmas involved in defining administrative ethics. The chief concern while doing so is the positive consequence of administrative action and not just ostensibly rational modes of administrative processes. In the following Section, a few of the salient concerns and foci of ethics are being dealt with briefly. 21. 6 PERTINENCE OF CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS. The concept of ethics has been a latecomer in the realm of public administration. For too long, doing one’s duty well was considered to be an equivalent of bureaucratic ethics. Interestingly, in the United States, the original city managers’ and federal code of ethics placed notable stress on efficiency as ethical concept. In the early 20th century, the perspective began to change. In 1924, the International City/Country Management Association adopted the public sector’s first code of ethics that reflected anti-corruption and anti-politics facets of the municipal reforms movement. 9. In 1958, the US Congress imposed a code of ethics on the Federal Government and in 1978, founded the Office of Government Ethics as an upshot of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. In 1992, the Office of Government Ethics released the Federal Government’s first comprehensive set of standards of ethical conduct, comprising standards pertaining to gifts, conflicts of financial interest, impartiality, misuse of office, seeking outside employment, and outside activities. Almost all the American states have also promulgated their respective codes of ethics, though compared to the federal initiative, they are less comprehensive. Today, codes of ethics, ethics boards, and ethics training have been accepted as integral aspects of public administration in the U. S. Moreover, ethics education has also permeated the discipline of public administration. The National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Public Administration has made ethics education a required component of a Public Administration Programme for its accreditation and has prescribed that all introductory text-books in public administration should include a discussion on ethics (Browman, Berman and West, 2001). Eminent professional associations of public administration also offer training programmes on ethical conduct for public managers. In India, there are a few training programmes on administrative ethics offered by the Indian Institute of Public Administration and other institutions for civil servants, but there is hardly any similar initiative taken up in the realm of education in Public Administration. The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) had adopted in 1984 a Code of Ethics for its members (comprising intellectuals as well as practicing administrators). It was revised in 1994. Certain salient points of the ASPA’s Code of Ethics are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Exercise of discretionary authority to promote public interest Recognition and support to the public’s right to know the public business Exercise of compassion, benevolence, fairness and optimism Prevention of all forms of mismanagement of public funds by establishing and maintaining strong fiscal and management controls, by supporting audits and investigative activities Protection of Constitutional principles of equality, fairness, representativeness, responsiveness and due process in protecting citizens’ rights Maintenance of truthfulness and honesty and not to compromise them for advancement, honour, or personal gain Guarding zealously against conflict of interest or its appearance: e. g. nepotism, improper ou.

sausage making :: essays research papers

Making Sausage...The Steps to Follow Wash your hands please 1. Wash the meat in the sink with cool water, allow to drain Cut the meat into smaller cubes, trim any excess gristle/sinew/connective tissue. 2. Grind the meat (be careful with your fingers), if there are problems with the grinder, contact your teacher.. Keep these hints in mind - 1. don't force the meat through the grinder - it will grind at its own pace 2. you may have to stop grinding the meat to clean the discs and the blade occasionally, as there may be sinew caught around the blade 3. Using the food processor - chop onions if necessary 4. Prepare your garlic - clean the heads of garlic (outside covering off), and break into individual cloves. Determine amount of garlic to add Place in food processor, add 1 cup of water†¹process until minced 5. Using a large bowl/pot/roaster , combine your recipe ingredients. It is critical that the ingredients are thoroughly mixed. Use your hands. Take turns within your group, if your hands get too cold. 6. To test your mixture - make a sample meat patty and fry it in a frying pan. Determine if any more seasonings are required. REMEMBER - your seasonings will become stronger with time. DON'T OVER DO IT 7. Place one sausage casing on the sausage tube that has been installed on the grinder. Place oil into the casing as well as on the sausage tube. Place the casing on the tube. 8. Gradually add the meat mixture into the feeder compartment of the grinder. Tie a knot in the sausage casing after some meat has come out of the sausage tube. When the sausage link has reached the desired size leave 4" of empty casing, cut the casing and secure with a knot.

Dttls Assignment Essay

Unit 4: Theories and principles for planning and enabling learning In modern day teaching, the onus is shifting further and further away from teacher dictated methods of educational delivery, to methods that ensure the learner is placed at the heart of teaching, and every individual within the classroom is considered and catered for. Advances in technology available to teachers has contributed to a broadening of teaching styles, but this has mainly come about through the need to differentiate teaching more effectively and break down the barriers that exist between teacher and learner. Engaging every learner is a difficult task and requires the teacher to have a plethora of knowledge of teaching methods and theories. Learners may differ in terms of age, gender, ability level, communication skills, confidence, learning styles and many other factors. The job of the teacher is to ensure these factors do not hinder individual learning and that success and achievement within the group is widespread and at a high level. Planning and implementing learning is paramount to this process. To effectively plan and deliver to diverse and varied groups of students, teachers can draw upon a number of teaching theories and principles put forward by educational academics. Theories of teaching and behaviour are themselves, in general, varied and diverse in the way they approach the dissemination of learning and the bringing about of desired responses. Similarly, different theories of communication have been put forward that document methods through which we as teachers can effectively converse with our students. All of these theories can provide a vital insight or tool for teachers to improve their practice and ultimately promote inclusive learning for all students. Many examples of different teaching theories are evident across academic literature. Examples of these include Classical and Operant conditioning, Kolb’s learning cycle, Gagnes 9 events of instruction, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Knowles’ Pedagogical and Andragogical approaches. An example of a communication theory is Berne’s (1970) transactional analysis. It is concerned with ensuring that control and understanding occurs through ommunication between groups or individuals. Berne believes that transactional analysis represents â€Å"a theory of social intercourse and used it to help people understand and improve their behaviour towards others† (Huddleston & Unwin, 1997, p115). This theory also suggests that communicating effectively will directly impact on success, motivation work rate and b ehaviour through increased understanding of the nature and demands of a task or the content of the message itself that is being communicated. If we also also consider the effectiveness of communication in the classroom and relating theoretical concepts, i. e. ehaviourist and humanistic theories, these have some distinct differences which affect greatly the approaches and techniques adopted by teachers. Behaviourist theories suggest all behaviour is ‘learned’ or that these theories bring about a recognisable ‘change’ in behaviour (Armitage, 2003). Examples of Behavioural theorists include Pavlov (Classical conditioning), Thorndike (Operant conditioning), Skinner and in terms of early behaviourist studies, Watson. These theorists along with others have over the past 100 years put forward a number of different behaviourist theories that are concerned with changing or ‘conditioning’ behaviour. Classical conditioning was pioneered by Pavlov who looked at learning by association. His famous study involved the use of dogs as a medium to facilitate associative learning. Pavlov rang a bell every time a dog was to receive food, the presence of food elicited a saliva response from the dog, which over time it associated with the sound of the bell. After a period of time, the stimulus of food was no longer produced, but the dog continued to salivate at the sound of a bell, as it now ‘associated’ this behaviour with the onset of a meal. Classical conditioning essentially elicits a reflex and an association is formed (Artmitage, 2003; www. learning-theories. com). Operant conditioning is a theory put forward by Thorndike. This theory waits for a desired behaviour to occur and then rewards it. It builds somewhat on the work done by Watson regarding trial and error learning. Perhaps the most prominent or influential behaviourist work is that done by Skinner. Skinner adopted an operant approach to behaviourism and famously conducted experiment using rats in specially designed boxes. Skinner’s ideas revolved around the presence of a reinforcer to cause a desired behaviour to be repeated. This could be in the form of a primary reinforcer (a basic need like food) or a secondary reinforcer (such as money or praise). In the case of his rats, Skinner effectively trained them to pull certain levers to release food. Initially, the release was accidental but after a while, the rats learned to associate the arrival of food with the pressing of a lever. Skinners work revolved heavily around the need for reinforcement, reward, punishment and feedback. The scheduling and delivery of these things was also important to Skinner who suggested the timing of something like a reward was paramount to its success at brining about long term changes in behaviour. Similarly, he suggested giving punishment should occur immediately after the event in question and in a consistent manner. Also, it was skinner who introduced the concept of successive approximations – small steps towards a desired behaviour (Artmitage, 2003; www. learning-theories. com). Humanistic theories of learning are much more concerned with the individual themselves than the behaviour. Maslow identified a Hierarchy of Needs which he believed outlined the basic requirements of all individuals Figure 1 – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (www. talkingtails. files. wordpress. com) Both humanistic and behaviourist theories have a huge application in the delivery of teaching and learning. In the curriculum area of Public Services, evidence of the use of both theories is apparent across different subject areas. Operant conditioning is embedded widely across public service lessons. This occurs on many occasions where praise is used within a fitness session to reinforce good performance. Primary reinforcers are also often used, for example, excellence certificates sometimes act as a tangible reward for students who perform well in strenuous task such as fitness testing. When coaching exercise techniques in the gym, classical conditioning is used to develop the desired response of good form. For example, when learning to perform a squat, the learner must bend their knees to a 90 degree angle. This is taught by putting a bench under the learner so that when they feel their posterior touch the surface of the bench they know to begin the upward phase of the lift. At the point of touch, they will be encouraged to reverse the process. Over time, the bench is removed from the lift but the learner still remembers the motion. Punishment is often used to discourage certain behaviour. For example, at South Devon College if a student is rude in a lesson they are given a set amount of press ups to do. Whilst punishment is deemed less effective than a positive reinforcement strategy, the section have a consistent and department wide policy towards distributing press ups which contributes to making this a more effective way to manipulate behaviour. Humanistic approaches such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs are also evident within the curriculum, looking at developing individuals through agendas such as Every Child Matters and through the departmental tutorial process. The teamwork and overall nature of the course is also a particularly effective medium for learners to progress through the top two stages (esteem and self actualisation) of the hierarchy. Inclusive practice is something that all teachers are ultimately striving for. Within the curriculum, inclusive practice is complicated by the both theoretical and practical element of the subject area. A teacher must look to facilitate learning for those who are academically able, practically gifted and also attempt to integrate the study of theory and practical to enhance learning as a whole. Computer based learning, for example, is common place on all courses, and although often difficult to facilitate in all subjects, such as outdoor activities, the needs of the learner and future employer is paramount. The Uniformed Public Services today use computer systems, including email, online study, and specific service systems such as Wotan, on a regular basis and so it is vital that learners are prepared for this. This also helps out those learners who may struggle with putting pen to paper. Much of what the Public Services do is very practical and so as much as possible I try to embed a practical way of delivering the course specification. For example, team building activities using equipment outdoors. This enables some learners to shine as they are more practically minded. However, an indoor table top scenario does the same job, but gives learners with different learning styles chance to shine. Linking theory to practice is related to another teaching theory put forward by Kolb (1984). Kolb’s Learning Theory Kolb’s theory is ‘based on the assumption that people learn best by doing things then thinking about how they have done them, considering both the thoughts, feelings and perceptions which emerged during the experience’ (Harkin et al. 200, p42). This makes the process of learning more efficient, relevant and enjoyable. It also promotes inclusive practice with all three learning styles (Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic) being catered for effectively. The nature of our learners has a significant influence on the techniques and theories we implement in the preparation and delivery of lessons. In my own teaching practice, I have exposure to both adult and child groups. This difference in age groups has a big impact in how I teach and communicate with these groups. This is linked to Knowles’ (1970) theory of Pedagogy and Andragogy. These two states relate to the differences associated with teaching these varying groups. Effective communication is required throughout all levels of teaching. Transactional analysis is strongly linked to communicating and giving feedback and reflects the way we use our voice (in terms of tone, pitch, volume and content) to relay information to our students. The way this is done will affect whether a student understands a task and understands the nature and direction of the feedback. Within pastoral support mechanisms, teachers often undertake one on one tutorial discussions with students. Depending on the situation and the learner, the teacher may adopt one of the 3 ego states (Parent, Adult, and Child) in order to most effectively converse with the student. The ego state may also change over the course of the tutorial process as the teacher gets to know the learner more. Within the classroom, communicating with learners in the form of feedback allow them to understand if they are being successful or not achieving and what they can do to improve. As teachers, it is essential we have the ability to adopt the correct ego status for the situation but also to consciously manipulate the interaction of ego states between teacher and learner. Doing this involves manipulating our own tone of voice and delivery of information and also encouraging certain behaviours and attitudes amongst our students to allow them to best understand what is being said to them. In Public Services, when feeding back to a student on their performance in a practical session, a teacher may look to switch between the adult and parent ego states to best deliver positive and negative comments to a learner. Currently I teach a subject that is well within my comfort zone, particularly as a serving member of Her Majesty’s Forces, where I can relate much of my teaching to my current role. However, I am acutely aware of the need to teach and develop my own core skills in literacy, numeracy, language and ICT. To progress in a career in the Public services, it is vital that these core skills are maximised. As mentioned previously, the ICT is developing in all aspects of our lives and as a teacher, I feel this is an aspect where I maximise my potential. My own literacy and language is adequate for the subject matter that I teach, but would be limited I believe if I were to teach another core subject. My use of voice and body language overcomes many of my shortfalls when addressing learners but may not be appropriate in other subjects. Numeracy is my weakest area and as such my teaching reflects this. As a teaching group we play to our individual strengths and so the subjects that I teach have limited numeracy base. However, this is an area that I am conscious of and it does need to be addressed. As a teacher, I teach across a range of courses from Level 1 to Level 5 and with groups ranging from 15 years old to adult learners. This necessitates that I employ a range of teaching strategies and adopt a range of learning theories to best accommodate for all my students. I feel one of my particular strengths is my adaptability to work effectively with these diverse groups and adopt different ego states through which to control these groups and facilitate their learning. Sub consciously, I feel for a long time I have been utilising many of the learning theories discussed in this assignment, however through recent further study I now feel much more confident and able to take what I perceive to be the most advantageous parts of these learning theories and implement them in my classroom. I believe a further strength of mine is to bring about certain behaviours or encourage those that are most appropriate within the classroom. Using operant conditioning ideology, I am quick to recognise and praise desired behaviour but am careful how and how often I deliver this reinforcement. Although I understand the limitations of punishment, I believe it has a place in the classroom and feel I am fairly competent at being consistent and fair with punishments/press ups. Feedback from learners is clearly an essential medium to assess one own teaching. With my adult learners I widely adopt a andragogical approach, allowing them a lot of freedom to learn in their own way. This is effective but often leads to a lack of feedback from learners in terms of how they are progressing and learning. I feel I could improve by embedding some more formative assessment methods into my andragogical style of teaching to allow for freedom within learning, but also actually more feedback for me from learners. This will ultimately help me see how they are doing, and also how I am doing in terms of teaching. For future development, I believe it is essential for me to continue to develop my use of Kolb’s ideas integrating theory into practice. This is something I believe to be essential, especially given the more practical/kinaesthetic orientation of the learners who study upon the course on which I teach. I also feel that I could benefit from more in depth investigation into the Skinner’s schedule of reinforcement linked to operant conditioning. I feel I am good at giving constructive praise but could improve by really analysing how I give feedback, especially in terms of frequency.